Brave New World (1932), by Aldous HuxleyĪyn Rand, in her magnum opus Atlas Shrugged, creates a dystopia in the not-so-distant future where collective governing, ruled by overly bureaucratic and outright corrupt moochers, has led the United States to the brink of economic collapse.The extremity of Zamytain’s dystopia is so great that, in one instance, a female character is not allowed to procreate for the reason that she’s too short. Through the consistently and unanimously elected “Benefactor” and his totalitarian dictatorship, Zamyatin effectively warns against the dangers of strict utilitarianism and conformity. It has been credited as the fundamental text upon which most modern dystopias are based, chief among them being George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). The novel depicts life in the “Single State,” where citizens are identified by numbers, live in glass houses, are assigned sex partners, and don identical uniforms, through the journal entries of an engineer of a government project to conquer neighboring planets. Although Russia forbade its publication until 1988, My (or We in English) circulated throughout the nation in manuscript form and found itself published in the United States as early as 1924. Yevgeny Zamyatin, one of the most subversive authors to hail from Russia, penned perhaps the most fundamental dystopian text in 1920. Thus, this spellbinding dystopian novel predicts conspiracies and attacks of the pre-World War II era, all while espousing the importance of democracy in the face of fascist regimes. The manuscript recounts how the plutocracy is able to victimize members of the lower classes and beat out democracy from society through secret mercenaries as well as how the revolution eventually fails to overcome such a powerful, seemingly omnipresent force. Rhetorically, London demonstrates his abounding skill, as the story of the “2nd Revolution” during the then futuristic 1912–32 period is relayed to the reader through a fictitious historian in the 26th century (who lives in a tranquil socialist society that enjoys economic and social prosperity) who is editing a manuscript that was penned by Avis Everhard, the political adherent and lover of the revolution’s political leader. Jack London’s first categorically political novel, The Iron Heel, eerily prophesizes the disastrous rise of fascism in the first half of the 20th century and earned praise from such renowned social critics as George Orwell and Leo Trotsky for his perceptive portrayals of how decaying capitalism could mutate into an authoritative plutocracy, in which a dominating circle of wealthy individuals turn farmers into serfs and laborers into near-slaves.
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